Most of the operations described in this chapter are based on the engine not being removed from the vehicle. Therefore, if the information presented here is used during a major engine overhaul, or when the engine is removed, many of the steps included in this chapter can be skipped.
Access to the engine compartment can be improved by removing the hood as described in chapter 11.
Engine Description
In this chapter, engines are identified by manufacturer letter code and by volume. Engine identification is given in Specifications.
Liquid-cooled, single-cam, in-line four-cylinder engines with cast-iron blocks and aluminum cylinder heads. All engines are longitudinally mounted at the front, with the transmission mounted behind the engine.
The camshaft is driven by a toothed belt from the crankshaft sprocket. The cylinder head contains intake and exhaust valves, which are closed by two springs. The valve guide bushings are pressed into the cylinder head. The camshafts act on the valves directly through hydraulic tappets, which are supplied with oil through holes in the cylinder head.
Engines - with direct fuel injection. Unlike pre-chamber engines, the combustion chamber in these engines is located only in the piston crown.
The crankshaft has five bearings; the bearing half rings, which determine the axial clearance, are inserted into the central bearing.
The engines are equipped with an auxiliary shaft that drives the oil pump and the power steering vacuum pump.
The drive of the cooling system pump is carried out from an auxiliary belt. The cooling system is described in detail in chapter 3.
The engine is lubricated under pressure. Oil is sucked by the pump from the sump through the oil receiver and fed to the replaceable oil filter. From there, it is fed under pressure to the cylinder head to the camshaft supports and hydraulic tappets and to the engine crankcase, lubricating the crankshaft bearing journals, connecting rod journals, piston pins and cylinder walls. Oil nozzles are installed at the base of each cylinder, spraying oil on the piston bottom, improving their cooling. An oil cooling unit is installed above the oil filter, washed from the engine cooling system, serving to reduce the oil temperature before it is fed to the cylinder block.