Most of the operations described in this chapter are based on the fact that the engine has not yet been removed from the vehicle. Thus, if the information given here is used when an engine is overhauled or removed, many of the steps included in this chapter can be skipped.
Access to the engine compartment can be improved by removing the hood as described in chapter 11.
Engine description
In this chapter, engines are identified by manufacturer's letter code and by displacement. Engine identification is given in Specifications.
Liquid-cooled, single-camshaft, in-line four-cylinder engines with cast iron blocks and aluminum cylinder heads. All engines are installed longitudinally in front, the gearbox is installed behind the engine.
Camshaft - driven by a toothed belt from the crankshaft sprocket. The cylinder head has intake and exhaust valves closed by two springs. The valve guides are pressed into the cylinder head. The camshafts act on the valves directly through hydraulic tappets, which are supplied with oil through drillings in the cylinder head.
Engines - with direct fuel injection. Unlike prechamber engines, the combustion chamber in these engines is located only in the piston crown.
The crankshaft is five-bearing, the support half-rings that determine the axial clearance are inserted into the central support.
The engines are equipped with an auxiliary shaft driving the oil pump and the power steering vacuum pump.
The cooling system pump is driven by an auxiliary belt. The cooling system is described in detail in chapter 3.
The engine is lubricated under pressure. The oil is taken by the pump from the sump through the oil receiver and fed into the replaceable oil filter. From there, under pressure, it is supplied to the cylinder head to the camshaft bearings and hydraulic pushers and to the engine crankcase, lubricating the crankshaft bearing journals, connecting rod journals, piston pins and cylinder walls. Oil nozzles are installed at the base of each cylinder, spraying oil on the piston bottom, improving their cooling. An oil-cooling block is installed above the oil filter, which is flushed from the engine cooling system, which serves to reduce the temperature of the oil before it is fed into the cylinder block.
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