BATTERY, a device for storing energy for subsequent use. Electric A. converts electrical energy into chemical energy and, as needed, provides the reverse conversion; used as an autonomous source of electricity (eg in transport).
BATTERY, a group of identical electric batteries, connected electrically and structurally to obtain the required values of current and voltage.
ACCELERATOR, a regulator of the amount of combustible mixture entering the cylinders of an internal combustion engine. Designed to change the engine shaft speed (speed of movement of the transport vehicle).
SHOCK ABSORBER, a device for softening shocks in cars (car, plane, etc.) and structures, to protect against vibrations and impact loads. In A., springs, torsions, rubber elements, as well as liquids and gases are used.
HYDROMETER, a device for measuring the density of liquids and solids. A.'s action is based on Archimedes' law. In automotive engineering, it is used to measure the density of electrolyte in a battery.
BUMPER, energy absorbing device of the car (in case of a light blow) in the form of a bar located in front (often and from behind); a type of buffer.
SHOE, the lower part of the support column for uniform distribution of pressure on the foundation.
BUFFER, a device for softening impacts on vehicles (locomotives, carriages, etc.). The car B. is called a bumper.
SHAFT, a machine part that transmits torque and supports rotating parts. A distinction is made between V. direct (smooth and stepped), crankshafts, pinions, etc., as well as flexible pinions and torsion bars (transmit only torque).
INSERT, replacement part (bushing, etc.) plain bearings, directly interacting with the journal of the shaft or rotating axis. Made of antifriction material.
AIR FILTER, serves to clean dust (process) the air used in engines.
SLEEVE, a part of a machine, mechanism, or device of cylindrical or conical shape, having an axial hole into which another part fits. Depending on the purpose, bearing, fastening, transition, etc. V. are used.
GENERATOR, device, apparatus, machine that produces some product (eg acetylene gas, steam generator), generating electrical energy (eg, electric machine, magnetohydrodynamic, thermionic G.) or creating electrical, electromagnetic, light or sound signals, oscillations, impulses (eg, vacuum tube, magnetron, quantum, ultrasonic G.).
MAIN GEAR, a gear mechanism of the transmission of cars and other self-propelled machines, used to transmit and increase torque from the cardan shaft to the drive wheels, and, consequently, to increase traction.
DETONATION is observed in piston internal combustion engines with spark ignition and occurs as a result of the formation and accumulation in the fuel charge of organic peroxides, which are the primary products of hydrocarbon fuel oxidation. If a certain critical concentration of peroxides in the mixture is reached, then D. occurs, characterized by an unusually high flame propagation speed and the occurrence of shock waves. During normal engine operation, the flame propagates at a speed of 10-20 m/sec, while during D. - at a speed of 1500-2500 m/sec. D. is manifested in metallic "knocks", smoky exhaust, vibration and overheating of the engine and leads to the burning of rings, burnout of pistons and valves, destruction of bearings, loss of engine power.
DIAPHRAGM, plate (partition) with a hole (or without it). Installed, for example, in pipelines to measure the flow of liquid or gas; in hydraulic structures to impart rigidity to the moving part of a hydraulic gate.
TORQUE WRENCH used in the assembly of critical screw connections (devices, engines, etc.). These keys have a torque value indicator.
DIFFERENTIAL, the name of the differential mechanism in the drive of the drive wheels of a car, tractor or other wheeled vehicles. The differential ensures the rotation of the drive wheels at different relative speeds when passing curved sections of the road. The most common differential is one with bevel gears.
DIFFERENTIAL MECHANISM, a mechanism in which the resulting displacement is equal to the sum or difference of the initial displacements (eg gear mechanisms in transport vehicles that ensure the rotation of the drive wheels at different speeds when turning). D.m. in devices and metal-cutting machines provide small precise movements or large forces.
JACK, a mechanism for lifting heavy piece goods during repair, installation or loading and unloading operations. D. is characterized by small dimensions and low weight (usually does not exceed 1% of the lifting capacity).
JET, a calibrated hole for dosing the supply of liquid fuel or air. In technical literature, J. is the name given to carburetor parts (plugs, injectors) with calibrated holes. According to the functions performed and depending on which carburetor system it is installed in, there are fuel, air, main, compensating, idle, etc. J. are assessed by their throughput (productivity), i.e. the amount of liquid (usually water), which can pass through a calibrated hole in a unit of time; the throughput of a liquid is expressed in cm³/min.
IGNITION in internal combustion engines (ICE), forced ignition of the working mixture in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.
REAR AXLE, a set of self-propelled vehicle units (eg car, tractor), usually transmitting torque from the cardan shaft or gearbox to the propeller and vertical load from the body (frame), and from the propeller the circumferential and lateral forces on the body (frame).
CARBURETOR, a device for preparing a combustible mixture of light liquid fuel and air to feed carburetor internal combustion engines. The fuel in the K. is sprayed, mixed with air, and then fed into the cylinders.
CARBURETOR ENGINE, an internal combustion engine (ICE) in which the combustible mixture is prepared by a carburetor outside the combustion chamber (hence the other name is an engine with external mixture formation) and is ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark plug. They are used in cars, motorcycles, boats, etc.
CARDAN MECHANISM (named after G. Cardano), a hinge mechanism that allows two shafts to rotate at a variable angle due to the movable connection of the links (hard K. m.) or elastic properties of special elements (elastic K. m.). The serial connection of two C. m. is called a cardan transmission.
CARTER, a stationary part of machines or mechanisms (engine, gearbox, etc.) usually of box-shaped cross-section to support working parts and protect them from contamination. The lower part of the K. (pan) is a reservoir for lubricating oil.
TERMINAL, a device for connecting wires to a machine, device, apparatus; screw clamp.
CRANKSHAFT, consisting of one or more knees and several coaxial main journals supported by bearings. Each knee of the crankshaft has two cheeks and one journal for attaching a connecting rod. The axes of the crank journals are offset relative to the axis of rotation of the crankshaft. To balance the crankshaft during operation, the cheeks often have counterweights. Crankshaft - a rotating link of the crank mechanism; it is used in piston engines, pumps, compressors, forging and pressing machines, etc. In piston machines, the number of elbows is usually equal to the number of cylinders; the location of the crankshafts depends on the working cycle, the conditions of machine balancing and the location of the cylinders. Crankshafts are made of carbon and alloy steels or high-strength cast iron, usually whole, cast or forged. However, when using whole crankshafts, it is impossible to use rolling bearings, so sometimes crankshafts are made composite. According to the technology conditions, large crankshafts with a journal diameter of up to 1 m are also made composite. The simplest crankshafts to manufacture are those in which the axes of all connecting rod journals are in the same plane.
TRANSMISSION, a multi-link mechanism in which a stepwise change in gear ratio is achieved by switching gears located, for example, in a separate housing (box). It is used in power transmissions of transport vehicles.
VALVE, in engineering, a part or device for controlling the flow of gas or liquid by changing the cross-sectional area of the flow (eg throttle, safety, control K.).
COLLECTOR, the name of some technical devices (eg exhaust and intake manifolds of an internal combustion engine).
SWITCH, electromechanical, electronic or cathode-ray device (switch, circuit breaker, distributor), providing the selection of the required output electrical circuit and connection of the input circuit to it. The selection is made manually or automatically. The simplest electromechanical K. are switches, sets of electromagnetic relays, electromechanical selectors. K. is included in more complex devices, e.g. telephone exchange.
CRANK, a link of the crank mechanism in the form of a pin (spike), offset relative to the axis of rotation. The pin is pivotally connected to the slider (connecting rod).
BRACKET, console support piece (design) for fastening other parts or units of machines (structures) to a wall, post (column), etc.
LOFT, the gap between parts of a machine or any device.
PRESSURE GAUGE, a device for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases.
OIL FILTER, a device for cleaning oil from contaminating mechanical particles, resins and other impurities. M. f. are installed in the lubrication systems of internal combustion engines. There are several types of M. f.: plate-slotted, with a replaceable paper cartridge, centrifugal and others. Centrifugal M. f. are the most widely used in engine lubrication systems. Contaminated oil enters the rotor cavity of such a M. f. under pressure, is fed through a filter mesh to the jets and is ejected from them at high speed. The flowing streams of oil create a jet thrust, which makes the rotor rotate. At an oil pressure of 0.25-0.3 MN/m³ (2.5-3 kgf/cm³) the rotor speed reaches 5000-6000 rpm. Under the action of centrifugal force, heavy particles that clog the oil are thrown to the periphery and settle on the walls of the rotor. The purified oil flows into the oil receiver (eg engine crankcase).
TIGHTENING TORQUE can be determined directly in kgf·cm using a torque wrench with a measurement range of up to 147 N·cm (15 kgf·cm).
AXIS, a part of machines and mechanisms for supporting rotating parts that does not transmit useful torque; there are rotating and stationary ones.
FINGER, a link of the crank mechanism in the form of a pin, offset relative to the axis of rotation. The pin is pivotally connected to the slider (connecting rod).
PLIERS, a hand-held plumbing and electrical installation tool that combines pliers, wire cutters (in a hinge), a screwdriver and other tools.
GEAR RATIO, the ratio of the angular velocities of the mechanism links (leader and follower). The P. o. of a series of gears connected in series is equal to the product of their P. o.
PLANETARY GEAR, a gear transmission having wheels with moving geometric axes (satellites) that roll around a central wheel. It has small dimensions and weight. It is used in lifting machines, machine tools, computing devices, etc.
PLIERS, pliers, the gripping part of which (jaws) has serrated flat surfaces.
SUSPENSION of transport vehicles, a system of mechanisms and parts for connecting supporting elements (wheels, rollers, skis) with the body of the machine, designed to reduce dynamic loads and ensure their uniform distribution on the supporting elements during movement, also serving to improve the traction qualities of the machine. Automobile P. by design can be dependent and independent. In dependent P., a rigid beam (front axle, rear axle housing) connects the elastic elements with the wheels. The independent P. has a special guide apparatus (rocker arms, racks) for each elastic element connecting the suspended part of the car with the wheel. Therefore, the right and left wheels of one axle have independent vertical movements. The suspension can be spring, coil spring, torsion, pneumatic. Springs are usually used in the dependent suspension of trucks, as well as in the rear suspension of some cars. Elastic elements in the form of springs and torsion bars are used in the independent front suspension of cars.
BEARING, support for a shaft journal or rotating axis. A distinction is made between rolling bearings (inner and outer rings, between which are located rolling elements - balls or rollers) and sliding (eg a bushing inserted into the machine body).
HALF AXLE, the shaft of the drive axle of transport, agricultural and other machines, transmitting rotation from the differential to the drive wheel.
FUSE, the simplest device for protecting electrical circuits and consumers of electrical energy from overloads and short-circuit currents. The P. consists of one or more fuse links, an insulating housing, and terminals for connecting the fuse link to the electrical circuit. Some P. are filled with quartz sand for better cooling of the fuse link and arc quenching; sometimes P. have operation indicators. Flat inserts have narrowed sections that melt first. P. is connected in series to the electric circuit and when the insert melts, it opens it.
TREAD, a thick layer of rubber on the outside of a pneumatic tire with grooves and ridges that increase the tire's grip on the road surface.
RADIATOR of internal combustion engines, a device for removing heat from the liquid circulating in the engine cooling system. The R. consists of a core (cooling part), upper and lower boxes (tanks) with pipes. The tubular-plate core is made in the form of several rows of oval-shaped brass tubes, arranged in a checkerboard pattern; cooling fins are soldered to the tubes; the tubular-ribbon core consists of one row of flat brass tubes with plates soldered to them. The upper box contains a filler neck with a hermetically sealed plug that has an inlet and outlet valve. The lower box contains a tap for draining the coolant.
WHEEL COLUMN, tilting the vehicle's steered wheels outward at an angle of up to 2° from the vertical to compensate for inward wheel deviation when eliminating gaps in the kingpin bushings and hub bearings. R. k. facilitates their rotation and relieves the outer wheel bearings.
DISTRIBUTOR, a device in the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high-voltage electric current to the spark plugs.
The CAMSHAFT has cams, which, when the shaft rotates, interact with the pushers and ensure that the machine performs (engine) operations (processes) in a given cycle.
REDUCER, toothed (including worm) or hydraulic transmission designed to change angular velocities and torques.
RELAY, a device for automatic switching of electrical circuits by an external signal; consists of a relay element (with two states of stable equilibrium) and groups of electrical contacts that close (or open up) when the state of the relay element changes. There are thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, and acoustic relays. Relays are used in automatic control, monitoring, signaling, protection, switching, etc. systems.
SEAL, gland seal, a seal used in machine joints to seal gaps between rotating and stationary parts; is carried out by cuffs, collars and other parts put on the shaft, or by various paddings (asbestos, asbestos wire, rubber-fabric, etc.), inserted into recesses or depressions (also commonly referred to as S.) covers, housings, etc. parts.
SATELLITE, a planetary gear wheel with a movable axis of rotation.
SPARK PLUG, spark plug, a device for igniting the working mixture in the cylinders of a carburetor internal combustion engine with a spark formed between its electrodes. The spark plug, screwed into the cylinder head, consists of a steel housing with a side electrode and an insulator with a central electrode, on the upper part of which a contact nut is installed. Periodically, high voltage is created in the spark gap between the central and side electrodes and a spark jumps. The length of the insulator skirt determines the thermal characteristic of the spark plug. A short skirt ensures good heat dissipation from the insulator to the housing, and a spark plug with such a skirt is called cold. A spark plug with a long skirt is called hot. Cold spark plugs are used during long-term engine operation under heavy loads and at an increased thermal mode. The voltage on the central electrode of the spark plug is 10-30 kV in piston engines and up to 16 kV in jet engines.
MIXTURE FORMATION (in internal combustion engines), formation of a combustible mixture. External S. (outside the cylinder) is carried out by a carburetor (in carburetor engines) or a mixer (in gas engines), internal C. with nozzle directly in the combustion chamber (eg in a diesel cylinder).
STARTER, the main unit of the engine starting system, which spins its shaft to the speed required for starting. The main units of the S. are the engine, gearbox, coupling and disengaging devices with the main engine shaft, starting device (for S., which cannot start independently, e.g. petrol, turbocharged). They can be electric, pneumatic, mechanical. Electric S. is, as a rule, a high-speed (up to 13000 rpm) DC electric motor.
HUB, the central, usually thickened part of a wheel, flywheel, etc. It has a hole for the axle or shaft and is connected to the wheel rim by spokes or a disk.
CLUTCH, clutch, a mechanism in transport vehicles for transmitting torque from an internal combustion engine to a gearbox. The clutch provides short-term disconnection of the engine shaft and transmission shaft, shock-free gear shifting, and smooth starting of the vehicle. Depending on the number of driven disks, there are single-, dual-, and multi-disk clutches. Clutches installed in vehicles are usually single- or dual-disk clutches, the disks of which are compressed by springs. To ensure smooth engagement of the clutch and reduce torsional vibrations of the transmission, flat springs are often installed between the friction linings of the disks, and the disks are fastened to their hubs through an elastic coupling with coil springs, etc.
TACHOMETER, a device for measuring the engine crankshaft speed.
THERMOSTAT, a device for maintaining a constant temperature. In the temperature range from -60 to 500°C, liquid T. (insulated vessels with liquid containing a heater and thermostat): alcohol (from -60 to +10°C), water (10-95°C), oil (100-300°C), salt (300-500°C); in the range from 300 to 1200°C of an electric furnace.
BRAKING DISTANCE, the distance traveled by a vehicle from the moment the brake is activated until it comes to a complete stop. The total T.p. also includes the distance traveled from the moment the driver perceives (machinist) the need to brake before the brake controls are activated. The length of the T.p. is proportional to the square of the speed of movement, the speed of the brakes, the load on the braked wheels, the coefficient of adhesion of the wheels to the road, and also depends on the driver's reaction. The length of the T.p. of cars is greatly influenced by the condition of the tire tread and the road surface.
DISTRIBUTOR, ignition distributor, a device in the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high-voltage electric current to the spark plugs.
TRANSMISSION, a device or system for transmitting rotation from an engine to working machines (machines, mills, crushers, etc.). T. is also the name given to the entire set of gears in tractors, cars and other self-propelled machines.
TRACTION, a part of a machine or structure subject to tensile loads. Typically a rod of round or rectangular cross-section, or of angle, T-shaped, or other profile.
ANGULAR VELOCITY, a vector quantity characterizing the speed of rotation of a rigid body.
FLANGE, a connecting part of pipes, tanks, shafts, etc., usually made as a single part with the main part; usually a flat ring or disk with holes for bolts or studs. Provides tightness or (and) strength of the joint.
TsAPFA, the supporting part of an axle or shaft. The pin at the end is called a tenon, and the one in the middle is called a neck.
HINGE, a movable connection of parts or structures that allows rotation only around a common axis or point.
GEAR, the smaller wheel of a mating pair of gears.
TIRE, a pneumatic, rubber or rubber-fabric shell with a protector, placed on the rim of a wheel of a car and other wheeled vehicles; provides traction of the wheels to the road, softens impacts and shocks. Distinguish between tubed and tubeless tires.
PIN, a cylindrical or conical rod for fixed connection of parts, often in a strictly defined position, and also for transmitting relatively small loads. To install a rod, the parts are connected and secured. Then a hole is drilled and reamed in them, into which the rod is inserted. A conical rod, unlike a cylindrical rod, can be used repeatedly without reducing the accuracy of the placement of the parts.
STOCK, usually a cylindrical rod (solid or hollow) for connecting a piston to a slider, e.g. in a steam engine, piston pump.
UNION, a part of a pipeline or its connecting unit, which is a bushing, one of the ends of which has an internal or external thread for attachment to various tanks or pipelines. The shape of the other end of the pipe depends on the way it is attached to subsequent parts. A pipe is also called a small-diameter pipe segment (10-20 mm) for discharge.
ECONOMIZER, a device in the carburetor for enriching the combustible mixture when the throttle valve is fully open or in positions close to this.