BATTERY, a device for storing energy for later use. Electric A. converts electrical energy into chemical energy and, as needed, provides the reverse conversion; used as an independent source of electricity (e.g. in transport).
BATTERY, a group of similar electric batteries connected electrically and structurally to obtain the required current and voltage values.
ACCELERATOR, a regulator of the amount of combustible mixture entering the cylinders of an internal combustion engine. Designed to change the speed of the motor shaft (transport vehicle speed).
SHOCK ABSORBER, a device for cushioning shocks in cars (car, plane, etc.) and structures, for protection against concussions and shock loads. In A. springs, torsion bars, rubber elements, as well as liquids and gases are used.
AREOMETER, a device for measuring the density of liquids and solids. Action A. based on the law of Archimedes. In automotive technology, it is used to measure the density of the electrolyte in the battery.
BUMPER, the vehicle's energy absorbing device (for a light hit) in the form of a bar located in front (often behind); kind of buffer.
SHOE, the bottom of the support column to evenly distribute pressure on the base.
BUFFER, shock absorber on vehicles (locomotives, wagons, etc.). Automobile B. is called a bumper.
SHAFT, a part of a machine that transmits torque and supports rotating parts. Distinguish V. direct (smooth and stepped), crankshaft, V. gears, etc., as well as flexible V. and torsion bars (transmit only torque).
LINER, replacement part (bushing, etc.) plain bearings, directly interacting with the trunnion of a shaft or a rotating axis. Made from anti-friction material.
AIR FILTER, used to clean dust (processing) air used in engines.
BUSHING, a part of a machine, mechanism, device of a cylindrical or conical shape, having an axial hole into which another part enters. Depending on the purpose, V. bearing, fixing, transitional, etc. are used.
GENERATOR, a device, apparatus, machine that produces a product (e.g., acetylene gas, steam generator), that generate electrical energy (e.g., electromachine, magnetohydrodynamic, thermionic G.) or generating electrical, electromagnetic, light or sound signals vibrations, impulses (e.g., lamp, magnetron, quantum, ultrasonic G.).
MAIN GEAR, a gear transmission mechanism for cars and other self-propelled machines, which serves to transmit and increase torque from the cardan shaft to the drive wheels, and therefore to increase traction.
KNOCKING is observed in reciprocating internal combustion engines with spark ignition and occurs as a result of the formation and accumulation in the fuel charge of organic peroxides, which are the primary products of hydrocarbon fuel oxidation. If in this case a certain critical concentration of peroxides in the mixture is reached, then fire occurs, which is characterized by an unusually high speed of flame propagation and the appearance of shock waves. During normal operation of the engine, the flame propagates at a speed of 10-20 m/sec, while during D. - at a speed of 1500-2500 m/sec. D. manifests itself in metallic "knocks", smoky exhaust, vibration and overheating of the engine and leads to burning of rings, burning of pistons and valves, destruction of bearings, loss of engine power.
DIAPHRAGM, plate (partition) with hole (or without it). It is installed, for example, in pipelines for measuring the flow of liquid or gas; in hydraulic structures to stiffen the movable part of the hydraulic gate.
TORQUE WRENCH is used when assembling critical screw connections (devices, engines, etc.). Such keys have a torque value indicator.
DIFFERENTIAL, the name of the differential mechanism in the drive of the driving wheels of a car, tractor or other wheeled vehicles. D. ensures the rotation of the drive wheels with different relative speeds when passing curved sections of the track. The most common D. with bevel gears.
DIFFERENTIAL GEAR, a mechanism in which the resulting displacement is equal to the sum or difference of the original displacements (e.g. gear mechanisms in transport vehicles that ensure the rotation of the drive wheels at different speeds when cornering). D. m. in devices, metal-cutting machines provide small precise movements or large forces.
JACK, a mechanism for lifting heavy piece loads when performing repair, installation or handling operations. D. is characterized by small dimensions, small weight (usually does not exceed 1% of load capacity).
JET, a calibrated orifice for dispensing liquid fuel or air. In the technical literature, Zh. called the details of the carburetor (plugs, nozzles) with calibrated holes. According to the functions performed and depending on the system in which the carburetor is installed, they distinguish fuel, air, main, compensation, idle, etc. Zh. Evaluate their throughput (performance), i.e. the amount of liquid (usually water), which can pass through a calibrated hole per unit time; throughput is expressed in cm3 /min.
IGNITION in internal combustion engines (ICE), forced ignition of the working mixture in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.
REAR AXLE, a complex of units of self-propelled machines (e.g. car, tractor), usually transmitting torque to the propeller from the cardan shaft or gearbox and vertical load from the body (frames), and from the mover circumferential and lateral forces on the body (frame).
CARBURETTOR, a device for preparing a combustible mixture of light liquid fuel and air to feed carburettor internal combustion engines. The fuel is sprayed in the K., mixed with air, and then fed into the cylinders.
CARBURETTOR ENGINE, internal combustion engine (ICE), in which the combustible mixture is prepared by a carburetor outside the combustion chamber (hence the other name of the engine with external mixture formation) and ignited in the combustion chamber by a spark plug. Used on cars, motorcycles, boats, etc.
Gimbal (named after G. Cardano), an articulated mechanism that rotates two shafts at variable angles thanks to a movable linkage (hard K. m.) or elastic properties of special elements (elastic K. m.). The serial connection of two K. m. is called cardan transmission.
Crankcase, a fixed part of machines or mechanisms (motor, gearbox, etc.) usually box section to support working parts and protect them from contamination. The bottom of K. (pallet) - reservoir for lubricating oil.
TERMINAL, a device for connecting wires to a machine, device, device; screw clamp.
CRANKSHAFT, consisting of one or more knees and several coaxial main journals supported by bearings. Each knee K. in. has two cheeks and one neck for attaching the connecting rod. The axes of the connecting rod journals are displaced relative to the axis of rotation of the crankshaft. To balance the crankshaft. when working, the cheeks often have counterweights. K. v. - rotating link of the crank mechanism; used in reciprocating engines, pumps, compressors, forging and pressing machines and the like. In piston machines, the number of knees K. in. usually equal to the number of cylinders; the location of the knees depends on the operating cycle, the conditions for balancing the machines and the location of the cylinders. K. v. are made of carbon and alloy steels or ductile iron, usually whole, cast or forged. However, when using whole K. in. it is impossible to use rolling bearings, therefore sometimes K. in. make it composite. According to the conditions of the technology, large c. with a diameter of necks up to 1 m. The most simple to manufacture crankshafts, in which the axes of all connecting rod journals are in the same plane.
GEAR BOX, a multi-link mechanism in which the gear ratio is stepped by changing gears, placed, for example, in a separate housing (box). It is used in power transmissions of transport vehicles.
VALVE, in engineering, a part or device for controlling the flow of a gas or liquid by changing the flow area (e.g. throttle, safety, adjusting K.).
COLLECTOR, the name of some technical devices (e.g., exhaust and intake K. of an internal combustion engine).
SWITCH, electromechanical, electronic or cathode beam device (switch, switch, distributor), which provides the choice of the required output electrical circuit and the connection of the input circuit to it. The selection is made manually or automatically. The simplest electromechanical switches are switches, sets of electromagnetic relays, and electromechanical switches. K. is included in more complex devices, for example. telephone exchange.
CRANK, a link of the crank mechanism in the form of a finger (thorn), displaced relative to the axis of rotation. The finger is articulated with the slider (connecting rod).
BRACKET, cantilever support (design) for fastening other parts or components of machines (facilities) to the wall, rack (column) and so on.
PLAY, the gap between the parts of the machine, any device.
MANOMETER, a device for measuring the pressure of liquids and gases.
OIL FILTER, a device for cleaning oil from contaminating mechanical particles, resins and other impurities. M. f. are installed in lubrication systems of internal combustion engines. There are several types of M. f.: lamellar-slotted, with a replaceable paper cartridge, centrifugal, and others. In engine lubrication systems, centrifugal M. f. Contaminated oil enters under pressure into the cavity of the rotor of such an M. f., is fed through the filter mesh to the jets, and is ejected from them at high speed. The escaping jets of oil create a jet thrust that causes the rotor to rotate. At an oil pressure of 0.25-0.3 MN/m3 (2.5-3 kgf/cm3) the rotor speed reaches 5000-6000 rpm. Under the action of centrifugal force, heavy particles that clog the oil are thrown to the periphery and settle on the walls of the rotor. The purified oil flows into the oil receiver (e.g. engine crankcase).
TIGHTENING TORQUE can be measured directly in kgfcm using a torque wrench with a measurement range of up to 147 Ncm (15 kgf cm).
AXLE, a part of machines and mechanisms for supporting rotating parts, which does not transmit useful torque; are rotating and stationary.
FINGER, a link of the crank mechanism in the form of a spike, displaced relative to the axis of rotation. P. articulated with the slider (connecting rod).
PLIERS, a hand-held bench and electrical tool that combines pliers, wire cutters (in a hinge), screwdriver and other tools.
GEAR RATIO, the ratio of the angular velocities of the mechanism links (leader and follower). By. a number of series-connected gears is equal to the product of their P. o.
PLANETARY GEAR, a gear train having wheels with moving geometric axes (satellites), that roll around the central wheel. It has small dimensions and weight. Used in hoisting machines, machine tools, calculators, etc.
PLIERS, pliers, the gripping part of which (sponges) has notched flat surfaces.
SUSPENSION of transport vehicles, a system of mechanisms and parts for connecting support elements (wheels, rollers, skis) with the body of the machine, designed to reduce dynamic loads and ensure their uniform distribution on the supporting elements during movement, which also serves to improve the traction qualities of the machine. Automotive P. by design is dependent and independent. Dependent P. rigid beam (front axle, rear axle housing) connects elastic elements with wheels. In independent P. there is a special guiding vane (rocker arms, racks) for each elastic element connecting the suspended part of the car with the wheel. Therefore, the right and left wheels of the same axle have independent vertical movements. P. can be spring, spring, torsion, pneumatic. Springs are usually used in the dependent P. of trucks, as well as in the rear P. of some cars. Elastic elements in the form of springs and torsion bars are used in independent front P. cars.
BEARING, a bearing for a trunnion of a shaft or a rotating axle. Distinguish P. rolling (inner and outer rings, between which the rolling elements balls or rollers are located) and slip (e.g. bushing inserted into the machine body).
HALF AXLE, the drive axle shaft of transport, agricultural and other machines, which transmits rotation from the differential to the drive wheel.
FUSE, the simplest device for protecting electrical circuits and consumers of electrical energy from overloads and short circuit currents. P. consists of one or more fuse-links, an insulating body and leads for connecting the fuse-link to an electrical circuit. Some P. are filled with quartz sand for better cooling of the fuse-link and extinguishing the arc; sometimes P. have operation indicators. Flat inserts have tapered sections that melt first. The switch is connected in series to the electrical circuit and, when the insert is melted, opens it.
Tread, a thick layer of rubber on the outside of a pneumatic tire with grooves and lugs to increase tire grip on the road surface.
RADIATOR of internal combustion engines, a device for removing heat from the liquid circulating in the engine cooling system. R. consists of a core (cooling part), top and bottom boxes (bachkov) with pipes. The tubular-lamellar core is made in the form of several rows of oval-shaped brass tubes arranged in a checkerboard pattern; cooling fins are soldered to the tubes; The tubular-tape core is made up of one row of flat brass tubes with plates soldered to them. In the upper box there is a filler neck with a hermetically sealed plug with inlet and outlet valves. In the lower box there is a valve for draining the coolant.
CAMER, tilt of the steerable wheels of the vehicle outward at an angle of up to 2°from the vertical to compensate for the deviation of the wheels inward when eliminating gaps in the bushings of the king pins and hub bearings. R. to. facilitates their rotation and unloads the external bearings of the wheels.
IGNITION DISTRIBUTOR, a device in the ignition system of carbureted internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electrical current to spark plugs.
The CAMSHAFT has cams that, when the shaft rotates, interact with the pushers and ensure that the machine performs (engine) operations (processes) according to a given cycle.
GEAR, gear (including worm) or a hydraulic transmission designed to change angular velocities and torques.
RELAY, a device for automatic switching of electrical circuits by a signal from outside; consists of a relay element (with two states of stable equilibrium) and groups of electrical contacts that close (or open) when the state of the relay element changes. Distinguish R. thermal, mechanical, electrical, optical, acoustic. R. are used in systems of automatic control, control, signaling, protection, switching, etc.
SEAL, gland seal, a seal used in machine connections to seal gaps between rotating and stationary parts; carried out by cuffs, collars and other parts worn on the shaft, or various packings (asbestos, asbestos-wire, rubber-fabric, etc.), laid in grooves or recesses (also commonly referred to as S.) covers, housings, etc. parts.
PATTERN, a planetary gear with a movable axis of rotation.
SPARK PLUG, a spark plug, a device for igniting the working mixture in the cylinders of a carburetor internal combustion engine with a spark formed between its electrodes. S. z., screwed into the cylinder head, consists of a steel case with a side electrode and an insulator with a central electrode, on the upper part of which a contact nut is installed. Periodically, a high voltage is created in the spark gap between the central and side electrodes and a spark jumps. The length of the skirt of the insulator determines the thermal characteristic S. z. A short skirt provides good heat dissipation from the insulator to the body, and a candle with such a skirt is called cold. S. h. with a long skirt is called hot. Cold S. h. used for long-term operation of the engine with heavy loads and in high thermal conditions. Voltage at the central electrode S. h. 10-30 kV in reciprocating and up to 16 kV in jet engines.
BLUE FORMATION (in internal combustion engines), the formation of a combustible mixture. external C. (outside the cylinder) carried out by carburetor (in carbureted engines) or mixer (in gas engines), internal C. injector directly into the combustion chamber (e.g. in a diesel cylinder).
STARTER, the main unit of the engine starting system, spinning its shaft to the speed required for starting. The main components of the S. - engine, gearbox, devices for coupling and disengaging from the main engine shaft, starting device (for C., which cannot start independently, for example, gasoline, turbocharger). They can be electrical, pneumatic or mechanical. Electric S. is, as a rule, a high-speed (up to 13000 rpm) DC electric motor.
HUB, the central, usually thickened part of a wheel, flywheel, etc. parts. It has a hole for an axle or shaft, connected to the wheel rim with spokes or a disk.
CLUTCH, clutch, a mechanism of transport vehicles for transmitting torque from an internal combustion engine to a gearbox. C. provides short-term separation of the engine shaft and transmission shaft, shockless gear shifting and smooth starting of the machine. Depending on the number of driven discs, one-, two-, and multi-plate clutches are distinguished. The clutches installed in automobiles are usually a single- or double-plate clutch, the discs of which are compressed by springs. To ensure soft engagement of the gear and reduce torsional vibrations of the transmission, flat springs are often installed between the friction linings of the discs, and the discs are fastened to their hubs through an elastic coupling with twisted springs, etc.
TACHOMETER, a device for measuring the speed of the engine crankshaft.
THERMOSTAT, a device for maintaining a constant temperature. In the temperature range from -60 to 500°C, liquid thermometers are used. (heat-insulated vessels with a liquid containing a heater and a thermostat): alcohol (from -60 to +10°C), water (10-95°C), oily (100-300°С), saline (300-500°С); in the range from 300 to 1200°C electric furnace.
BRAKING DISTANCE, the distance traveled by a vehicle from the moment the braking device is actuated to a complete stop. Full T. p. also includes the distance traveled during the time from the moment the driver perceives (machinist) need to brake before actuating the brake controls. The length of the T. p. is proportional to the square of the speed of movement, the speed of the brakes, the load on the braked wheels, the coefficient of adhesion of the wheels to the road, and also depends on the reaction of the driver. The condition of the tire tread and road surface greatly influences the length of the T. of automobiles.
TRAMBLER, an ignition interrupter-distributor, a device for the ignition system of carburetor internal combustion engines, designed to supply high voltage electric current to spark plugs.
TRANSMISSION, a device or system for transmitting power from an engine to working machines (machine tools, mills, crushers, etc.). T. is also called the entire set of gears in tractors, cars and other self-propelled machines.
ROD, the part of a machine or structure subject to tensile loads. Usually a rod of round or rectangular section, as well as an angle, tee or other profile.
ANGULAR VELOCITY, a vector value characterizing the speed of rotation of a rigid body.
FLANGE, the connecting part of pipes, tanks, shafts, etc., usually made integral with the main part; usually a flat ring or disc with holes for bolts or studs. Provides seal or (And) connection strength.
trunnion, the bearing part of an axle or shaft. C. at the end is called a spike, and in the middle - the neck.
HINGE, a movable connection of parts, structures, allowing rotation only around a common axis or point.
GEAR, the smaller wheel of a mating pair of gears.
TIRE, pneumatic, rubber or rubber-fabric sheath with a tread, put on the rim of the wheel of an automobile and other wheeled vehicles; provides traction of the wheels with the road, softens shocks and bumps. Distinguish between chambered and tubeless Sh.
PIN, a cylindrical or tapered rod for the fixed connection of parts, often in a well-defined position, and for the transmission of relatively small loads. To set Sh., the parts are connected and fixed. Then a hole is drilled and unrolled in them, where the Sh. is inserted. The conical Sh., in contrast to the cylindrical one, can be used repeatedly without reducing the accuracy of the location of the parts.
STEM, usually a cylindrical stem (solid or hollow) for connecting the piston to the slider, e.g. in a steam engine, piston pump.
FITTING, a part of a pipeline or its connecting unit, which is a sleeve, one of the ends of which has an internal or external thread for attaching to various containers or pipelines. The shape of the other end of the Sh. depends on the method of attachment to subsequent parts. Sh. is also called a piece of pipe of small diameter (10-20 mm) for release.
ECONOMIZER, a device in a carburetor to enrich the fuel mixture at or near full throttle.
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