The generator is driven by a V-belt from the crankshaft of the engine.
The generator is a three-phase synchronous electric machine with electromagnetic excitation. To convert AC to DC, a diode rectifier is built into the generator. The voltage is regulated by a built-in microelectronic voltage regulator.
When the generator is running, the electric current flowing through the field winding creates a magnetic flux around the rotor poles. When the rotor rotates, then the south and then the north pole of the rotor passes under each stator tooth and the working magnetic flux passing through the stator teeth changes in magnitude and voltage. This variable magnetic flux creates an electromotive force in the stator winding. The wedge-shaped shape of the pole pieces of the rotor is selected in such a way that it makes it possible to obtain the shape of the electromotive force curve close to sinusoidal.
At a high frequency of rotation of the generator rotor, when the generator voltage becomes greater than 13.6–14.6 V, the voltage regulator is locked and the current does not pass through the field winding. The generator voltage drops, the regulator opens and again passes current through the excitation winding. The higher the frequency of rotation of the generator rotor, the longer the time of the closed state of the regulator, therefore, the more the voltage at the generator output decreases. The process of locking and unlocking the regulator occurs at a high frequency, so the voltage fluctuations at the generator output are not noticeable, and it can practically be considered constant, maintained at a level of 13.6–14.6 V.
Warning: Before doing any work on the charging system, please read the following safety precautions:
Order of execution
1. Never disconnect the battery or voltage regulator while the engine and alternator are running.
2. Never short the generator excitation terminal or the cable attached to it to ground.
3. Never confuse voltage regulator wires.
4. Never turn on the voltage regulator if it is connected to ground (instant damage).
5. Never remove the generator unless the battery is disconnected from the circuit.
6. When installing the battery, make sure that the negative terminal is connected to ground.
7. Never use a voltage indicator that is connected directly to the household network (110 or 220 V). Use only a 12V indicator.
8. Do not test the diodes by applying a voltage of more than 12 V or with a megohmmeter, as it has a voltage too high for the diodes and they will be broken during the test (a short circuit will occur). When checking the insulation of the electrical wiring with a megohmmeter, it is necessary to disconnect all wires from the generator.
9. If the battery is being charged in the installed state by the charger, both battery cables must be disconnected. Connect the positive terminal of the charger to the positive terminal of the battery, and the negative terminal of the charger to the negative terminal
10. Disconnect all wires from the alternator and from the battery when electric welding any parts of the body.
11. Check circuits and components of electrical equipment and troubleshoot with the engine off and the battery disconnected.
12. Incorrect wiring leads to the destruction of the rectifier and voltage regulator.
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